Effectiveness of gamification in nursing degree education.

Background: Previous research in nursing has found favorable results from the use of teaching methodologies alternative to lectures. One of the complementary methodologies used for university teaching is gamification, or the inclusion of game elements, creating a dynamic learning environment that allows the acquisition of knowledge and the development of other skills necessary for nursing students. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a gamification session on student satisfaction and knowledge scores in nursing students in simulated laboratory practice. Methods: A pre-post quasi-experimental study was conducted with 122 students from the nursing degree program who participated in the research. The evaluation consisted of four sessions of three hours each. In two sessions, participants were trained through a vertical methodology, by means of theoretical training provided by teaching staff, and two hours of clinical simulation, where the students were able to practice the techniques on professional simulators. At the other two sessions, participants received an explanation of the theoretical aspects of the session, one hour of clinical simulation, and one hour of gamification, in which they had to pass tests based on the performance of practical activities on the subject of the session. At the end of the gamification session, all the participants received a certificate as winners of the "nursing game". Results: There was an improvement in the satisfaction and the knowledge level in the gamification sessions. Both were statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was an improvement in the items related to the development of critical thinking and the mobilizing concepts from theory to practice in the gamification sessions. Conclusion: The intervention was effective in improving the satisfaction of the sessions received and in knowledge development.

Evaluation of the Use of Project-Based Learning in the Nursing Degree.

Project-based learning (PBL) is a teaching methodology that allows students to acquire knowledge and competencies through the completion of projects that respond to real-life problems. The aims of this study were to evaluate the acquisition of knowledge of students of the Aging Nursing subject through a PBL-based intervention and determine the degree of student satisfaction with the use of this methodology. A mixed, quasi-experimental, pre-post study was conducted without a control group using an educational intervention based on PBL and descriptive phenomenology with content analysis of the experiences reported after it. A knowledge questionnaire about nursing homes was administered before the start of the intervention. After using PBL to carry out the subject project, the same knowledge questionnaire and an ad hoc questionnaire on satisfaction, assessment, and improvement aspects were administered. In total, 111 nursing students participated. The difference in knowledge after the educational intervention was significant. The mean pre-intervention score was 5.56, SD 1.50, and the mean post-intervention score was 7.14, SD 1.59, (p = 0.001). In total, 74% of the students stated that they were very satisfied with the use of this methodology. The students had a positive perspective on the process of acquiring knowledge that PBL allows. The students improved their knowledge about the planning and management of nursing homes with the use of the project-based learning teaching methodology. They were very satisfied with said activity. Teachers must be adequately trained for the correct implementation of this teaching methodology. This study was not registered.

Effectiveness of Guided Breathing and Social Support for the Reduction of Pre-Exam Anxiety in University Students: A Factorial Study.

Anxiety is a state of mind that university students often manifest in exam situations, which can negatively impact their grades. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different relaxation techniques, including guided breathing and social support, on test anxiety among nursing students a few minutes before taking the final knowledge assessment test. For this purpose, a factorial study with a post-intervention measurement was carried out with three groups of nursing students. One group used the full yogic breathing relaxation technique (abdominal, thoracic, and clavicular), another used a social support technique, and the last group did not receive any intervention. Of 119 participants, 98.2% showed a moderate-high level of anxiety. Regarding the anxiety scale score, it was found that participants with moderate anxiety levels had higher scores on the knowledge test (Rho = -0.222; p = 0.015). The present study found no differences in anxiety levels between the study groups. Combining these relaxation techniques with others shown to be effective could reinforce their positive effect. Starting to work on this anxiety from the beginning of nursing courses appears to be a good strategy, striving to improve students' confidence in their abilities.

Desgarros cutáneos: su incorporación al marco conceptual de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia / Skin tears: their incorporation into the conceptual framework of dependency-related skin injuries

Los desgarros cutáneos son lesiones prevalentes en adultos mayores y están fuertemente relacionados con la presencia de dermatoporosis. Se trata de lesiones poco conocidas, infradiagnosticadas y mal abordadas a las que se les ha restado importancia a lo largo de los años. Recientemente, el GNEAUPP ha considerado incluirlos en el marco conceptual de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, dado el cumplimiento de esa vulnerabilidad y la necesidad de cuidados de los pacientes que pueden o están en riesgo de padecerlos. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente crónica compleja con dermatoporosis que sufre un desgarro cutáneo. Se detalla el mecanismo de producción, características clínicas y categorización de esta lesión, así como las medidas basadas en la evidencia actual adaptadas a la situación de la paciente. Con ello se pretende destacar la importancia del cuidado de la piel y el conocimiento, prevención y abordaje de estas lesiones por parte de los profesionales sanitarios (AU)

Skin tears are prevalent lesions in older adults, strongly related to the presence of dermatoporosis. These are little-known, underdiagnosed and poorly managed injuries that have been played down over the years. The GNEAUPP has recently considered including them in the conceptual framework of dependence-related skin lesions, given the fulfillment of that vulnerability and need for care of patients who may or are at risk of suffering from them. We present a clinical case of a complex chronic patient with dermatoporosis who suffered a skin tear. The mechanism of production, clinical characteristics and categorization of this lesion are detailed, as well as the measures based on current evidence adapted to the patient’s situation. This article pretend to highlight the importance of skin care and knowledge, prevention and management to these injuries by health professionals (AU)

Prevalencia de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia en adultos hospitalizados en España: resultados del 6º Estudio Nacional del GNEAUPP 2022 / Prevalence of dependencerelated skin lesions in hospitalised adult population in Spain: Results of the 6th GNEAUPP National Study 2022

Objetivos: Obtener indicadores epidemiológicos actualizados paralas lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia en unidades dehospitalización de adultos de hospitales españoles, tanto globales comoajustados. Analizar las características demográficas y clínicas de laspersonas con lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, y de laslesiones. Metodología: Estudio observacional, transversal, tipo encuestaepidemiológica (6.º Estudio Nacional de Prevalencia), dirigido a todos loshospitales de España. Recogida de datos mediante formulario seguro online.Variables: características de los hospitales y de las unidades, pacientesingresados, pacientes con cada tipo de lesiones cutáneas relacionadascon la dependencia, clasificación de las lesiones. Se estimó la prevalenciacruda global y ajustada por hospitales y por tipo de unidades. Resultados:Participaron 470 unidades de hospitalización de adultos pertenecientesa 67 hospitales de todo el territorio nacional. La prevalencia global delesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia fue del 8,4%. Segúnel tipo de lesiones, las prevalencias fueron: lesiones por presión 7,7%;combinadas 0,9%; humedad 1,5%; por fricción 0,9%, y desgarros 0,8%.Los hospitales pequeños, de menos de 200 camas, son los que presentanprevalencias mayores. Las unidades con prevalencias más altas fueron:cuidados paliativos (24,2%), UCI (21,5%) y unidades posquirúrgicas y dereanimación (14,8%). La mayoría de las lesiones son de origen nosocomial(80%), producidas en el mismo o en otro hospital. Siguen faltando laimplementación de medidas preventivas en los centros y la dotación derecursos de prevención. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de lesiones cutáneasrelacionadas con la dependencia se mantiene en cifras similares a la deestudios anteriores en hospitales españoles, con gran variabilidad en función del tamaño del centro y las unidades en las que ingresa el paciente. (AU)

Objectives: To obtain updated epidemiological indicators fordependence-related skin lesions (DSRL) in adult inpatientunits of Spanish hospitals, both global and adjusted. Toanalyse the demographic and clinical characteristics of personswith DRSLs and lesions. Methodology: Observational,cross-sectional, epidemiological survey-type study (6thNational Prevalence Study), aimed at all hospitals in Spain.Data collection by means of a secure online form. Variables:characteristics of hospitals and units, patients admitted,patients with each type of DRSL, classification of lesions.Overall and adjusted crude prevalence was estimated byhospital and by type of unit. Results: A total of 470 adultinpatient units from 67 hospitals nationwide participated.The overall prevalence of DRSL was 8.4%. According totype of injury, the prevalences were: pressure injuries 7.7%;combined injuries 1.5%; moisture 1.4%; friction 0.9%; andtears 0.8%. Small hospitals with less than 200 beds haveshigher prevalence. The units with the highest prevalencewere: palliative care (24.2%), ICU (21.5%), and post-surgicaland resuscitation units (14.8%). Most of the injuries are ofnosocomial origin (80%), produced in this or other hospitals.The implementation of preventive measures in the centresand the provision of resources are still lacking. Conclusions:The prevalence of DRSL remains similar to that of previousstudies in Spanish hospitals, with great variability dependingon the size of the centre and the units to which the patient isadmitted. (AU)

Prevalencia de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia en centros de atención primaria de salud de España: resultados del 6º Estudio Nacional del GNEAUPP 2022 / Prevalence of pressure injuries and other dependence-related skin lesions in primary healthcare centers in Spain: Results of the 6th GNEAUPP National Study 2022

Objetivos: Obtener indicadores epidemiológicos actualizados para laslesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia en centros de atenciónprimaria de salud españoles, tanto globales como ajustados. Analizarlas características demográficas y clínicas de las personas con lesionescutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia y de las lesiones. Metodología:Estudio observacional, transversal, tipo encuesta epidemiológica (6.ºEstudio Nacional de Prevalencia), dirigido a todos los centros deatención primaria de salud en España. Recogida de datos medianteformulario seguro online. Variables: características de los centros deatención primaria, población total, población mayor de 65 años ypoblación en programas de atención domiciliaria, pacientes con cadatipo de lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia, clasificaciónde las lesiones. Se estimó la prevalencia cruda global poblacional yajustada en mayores de 65 años y en personas en programas de atencióndomiciliaria. Resultados: Se han obtenido datos de una población de1.754.228 personas atendidas en 131 centros de atención primaria desalud españoles. La prevalencia de lesiones cutáneas relacionadas conla dependencia en las personas en pacientes atendidos en programasde atención domiciliaria (ATDOM) fue del 5,82%. Solo un 7,7% delos centros declararon no tener ninguna persona con lesiones cutáneasrelacionadas con la dependencia atendida en el momento de obtenerlos datos. La prevalencia casi se duplica en los centros rurales (7,1%)y mixtos (6,0%) respecto a los centros urbanos (3,9%). Las lesiones seoriginaron en el mismo domicilio del paciente en un 79,8% de los casos,y solo un 18,7% se originaron durante el ingreso del paciente en unainstitución. (AU)

Objectives: To obtain updated epidemiological indicatorsfor dependence-related skin lesions (DRSL) in SpanishPrimary Health Care (PHC) centres, both global andadjusted. To analyse the demographic and clinicalcharacteristics of people with DRSL and lesions. and thelesions. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional,epidemiological survey-type study (6th NationalPrevalence Study), aimed at all PHC centres in Spain. Datacollection by means of a secure on-line form. Variables:characteristics of primary care centres, total population,population over 65 years of age and population in homecare programmes, patients with each type of DRSL,classification of lesions. We estimated the overall crudeprevalence in the population and adjusted prevalence,in people over 65 years of age and in people in homecare programmes. Results: Data were obtained from apopulation of 1,754,228 people cared for in Spanish PHCcentres in 131 centres. The prevalence of DRSL in personsin patients attended in home care programmes (HCP) was5.82%. Only 7.7% of the centres reported not having anypersons with DRSL in care at the time of data collection.The prevalence almost doubles in rural (7.1%) and mixed(6.0%) centres compared to urban centres (3.9%). Injuriesoriginated in the patient’s own home in 79.8% of cases,and only 18.7% originated during the patient’s admissionto an institution. The profile is that of an 83-year-oldwoman with mixed incontinence and using a staticmattress surface. Conclusions: The prevalence of primary care DRSL in Spain remains similar to previous studies,with great variability depending on the location of thecentre. Four out of 5 lesions develop in the patient’shome. (AU)

Prevalencia de las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia en residencias de mayores y centros sociosanitarios de España: resultados del 6º Estudio Nacional del GNEAUPP 2022 / Prevalence of dependence-related skin lesions in nursing home in Spain: Results of the 6th GNEAUPP National Study 2022

Objetivos: Obtener las cifras de prevalencia de las lesiones cutáneasrelacionadas con la dependencia en centros residenciales para mayores ycentros sociosanitarios españoles. Analizar las características demográficasy clínicas de las personas con lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con ladependencia y de las lesiones. Metodología: Estudio observacional,transversal, tipo encuesta epidemiológica (6.º Estudio Nacional dePrevalencia), dirigido a todas las residencias y centros sociosanitariosde España. Recogida de datos mediante formulario seguro online.Variables: características de los hospitales y de las unidades, pacientesingresados, pacientes con cada tipo de lesiones cutáneas relacionadascon la dependencia, clasificación de las lesiones. Se estimó la prevalenciacruda global y ajustada por hospitales y por tipo de unidades. Resultados:Se han obtenido datos de 74 centros sociosanitarios y residencias demayores. Solo un 9,5% de los centros declararon no tener ningunapersona con lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia atendidaen el momento de obtener los datos. La prevalencia global de lesionescutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia fue del 9,28% (IC95%,5,45-6,71), un 3% más que en el anterior. Las cifras de prevalencia decada tipo de lesión fueron: presión, 6,05%; humedad, 2,35%; fricción,1,35%; desgarros cutáneos, 2,38%, y combinadas, 0,61%. Esto suponeun incremento en todas las lesiones menos las combinadas. La prevalenciade todas las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia fue mayoren los centros públicos que en los concertados y privados. En un 85,2%,las lesiones cutáneas relacionadas con la dependencia eran de origennosocomial (originadas en la residencia u otra institución residencial)y solo un 10,9% se originaron en los domicilios. (AU)

Objectives: To obtain the prevalence figures ofdependence-related skin lesions (DRSL) in Spanish nursinghomes and long term care centres (NH-LTCC). To analysethe demographic and clinical characteristics of peoplewith DRSL and lesions. Methodology: Observational,cross-sectional, epidemiological survey-type study (6thNational Prevalence Study), aimed at all NHC-LTCC inSpain. Data collection by means of a secure on-line form.Variables: characteristics of hospitals and units, patientsadmitted, patients with each type of DRSL, classificationof lesions. Overall and adjusted crude prevalence wasestimated by hospital and by type of unit. Results: Datawere obtained from 74 NHC-LTCC. Only 9.5% of thecentres reported not having any person with DRSL in theircare at the time of data collection. The overall prevalenceof DRSL was 9.28% (95%IC, 5.45-6.71); 3% higher thanin the previous study. The prevalence figures for each typeof injury were: pressure 6.05%, moisture 2.35%, friction1.35%, skin tears 2.38%. combined 0.61%. Thisrepresents an increase in all but combined injuries. Theprevalence of all DRSLs was higher in the public centresthan in the state and private centres. The 85.2% ofthe DRSLs were of nosocomial origin (originating in anursing home or other residential institution) and only10.9% originated at home. Conclusions: The prevalenceof DRSL in nursing homes is among the highest in thistype of centre in the historical series of studies carriedout in Spain by the GNEAUPP. This higher prevalencecould be explained by the situation in which many havebeen left after the COVID pandemic and a relaxation in the prevention programmes implemented. (AU)

Drone Applications for Emergency and Urgent Care: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: In recent years, the use of drones in health emergencies has increased. Among their main benefits are avoiding endangering rescuers, travelling long distances in a short time, or contacting victims in risky situations; but despite their multiple advantages, their use has not been fully demonstrated. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify the available evidence on the use of drones in emergency health care compared to traditional health care. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature was conducted. Search protocols were developed to locate studies that met the established selection criteria. Six experimental or quasi-experimental studies with high methodological quality published from the beginning of indexing until 2020 were included. RESULTS: Drones covered a significantly larger area than other traditional tracking methods and were very useful for performing preliminary triage, determining needs, and knowing the scene prior to the arrival of rescuers. In addition, drones reduced the time required to locate the victim. CONCLUSIONS: Drones are an element to be taken into account when attending health emergencies as they significantly improve the distance travelled to locate accident victims, have the possibility of performing triage prior to the arrival of the health care units, and improve the time and quality of the care provided.

The Role of Antioxidants on Wound Healing: A Review of the Current Evidence.

(1) Background: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the preparation of the normal wound healing response. Therefore, a correct balance between low or high levels of ROS is essential. Antioxidant dressings that regulate this balance are a target for new therapies. The purpose of this review is to identify the compounds with antioxidant properties that have been tested for wound healing and to summarize the available evidence on their effects. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted and included any study that evaluated the effects or mechanisms of antioxidants in the healing process (in vitro, animal models or human studies). (3) Results: Seven compounds with antioxidant activity were identified (Curcumin, N-acetyl cysteine, Chitosan, Gallic Acid, Edaravone, Crocin, Safranal and Quercetin) and 46 studies reporting the effects on the healing process of these antioxidants compounds were included. (4) Conclusions: this review offers a map of the research on some of the antioxidant compounds with potential for use as wound therapies and basic research on redox balance and oxidative stress in the healing process. Curcumin, NAC, quercetin and chitosan are the antioxidant compounds that shown some initial evidence of efficacy, but more research in human is needed.

Development of the Aerial Remote Triage System using drones in mass casualty scenarios: A survey of international experts.

The use of drones for triage in mass-casualty incidents has recently emerged as a promising technology. However, there is no triage system specifically adapted to a remote usage. Our study aimed to develop a remote triage procedure using drones. The research was performed in three stages: literature review, the development of a remote triage algorithm using drones and evaluation of the algorithm by experts. Qualitative synthesis and the calculation of content validity ratios were done to achieve the Aerial Remote Triage System. This algorithm assesses (in this order): major bleeding, walking, consciousness and signs of life; and then classify the injured people into several priority categories: priority 1 (red), priority 2 (yellow), priority 3 (green) and priority * (violet). It includes the possibility to indicate save-living interventions to injured people and bystanders, like the compression of bleeding injuries or the adoption of the recovery position. The Aerial Remote Triage System may be a useful way to perform triage by drone in complex emergencies when it is difficult to access to the scene due to physical, chemical or biological risks.

Validación del cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión en estudiantes de Enfermería: análisis Rasch / Validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire in nursing students: Rasch analysis

OBJETIVO: Medir el conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén hacia las pautas basadas en la evidencia para la prevención de las lesiones por presión. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional transversal de validación de un cuestionario utilizando un formulario online con estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén. Se invitó a participar a todos los matriculados en los 4 cursos. Se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario «Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión» (PIPK) mediante un análisis de Rasch. Se calcularon porcentajes de respuestas correctas y errores para cada ítem, puntuación total y su asociación con variables formativas. RESULTADOS: El cuestionario PIPK mostró adecuadas características psicométricas (alfa=0,89) y buen ajuste del modelo de Rasch. La puntuación media de conocimientos fue de 21,0 (67,7% del máximo). Obtuvieron mayores puntuaciones aquellos estudiantes que habían realizado prácticas clínicas, más periodos de prácticas, habían asistido a jornadas específicas sobre lesiones por presión o estaban matriculados en cursos superiores. CONCLUSIONES: El cuestionario PIPK es un instrumento válido y fiable para medir los conocimientos de los estudiantes de enfermería hacia la prevención de lesiones por presión. Los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Jaén obtuvieron una puntuación de conocimientos hacia la prevención de las lesiones por presión superior al 50%

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to measure the knowledge of nursing students at the University of Jaén about evidence-based recommendation for the prevention of pressure injuries. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational and validation study was carried in 2019, using an online survey. All the students registered on the Nursing Degree programme of the University of Jaén were invited to participate. The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire (PIPK) were tested by a Rasch analysis. With the analysis, the percentage of correct and wrong answers was calculated, the global score and the association with some educational variables. RESULTS: The PIPK questionnaire showed adequate psychometric characteristics (alpha=.89) and good fit to the Rasch model. The average knowledge score on pressure injury prevention obtained was 21.0 (this is 67.7% of the maximum). Higher scores were obtained by the students that had finished some clinical placements; those with more placements; had attended a meeting about pressure injuries and those in a higher year of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The PIPK questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the knowledge of nursing students about pressure injuries prevention. The nursing students of the University of Jaén obtained a score in the questionnaire higher than 50%

Validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire in nursing students: Rasch analysis. / Validación del cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre prevención de lesiones por presión en estudiantes de Enfermería: análisis Rasch.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study is to measure the knowledge of nursing students at the University of Jaén about evidence-based recommendation for the prevention of pressure injuries. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational and validation study was carried in 2019, using an online survey. All the students registered on the Nursing Degree programme of the University of Jaén were invited to participate. The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge questionnaire (PIPK) were tested by a Rasch analysis. With the analysis, the percentage of correct and wrong answers was calculated, the global score and the association with some educational variables. RESULTS: The PIPK questionnaire showed adequate psychometric characteristics (alpha=.89) and good fit to the Rasch model. The average knowledge score on pressure injury prevention obtained was 21.0 (this is 67.7% of the maximum). Higher scores were obtained by the students that had finished some clinical placements; those with more placements; had attended a meeting about pressure injuries and those in a higher year of the programme. CONCLUSIONS: The PIPK questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the knowledge of nursing students about pressure injuries prevention. The nursing students of the University of Jaén obtained a score in the questionnaire higher than 50%.

Development and validation of the Pressure Injury Prevention Barriers questionnaire in hospital nurses in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a new questionnaire to measure the nurses' perceptions of the barriers towards the prevention of pressure injuries (PIs) at hospitals. DESIGN: Validation study with mixed methods. SETTING: Four university hospitals in southern Spain. PARTICIPANTS: The questionnaire was developed based on a literature review. A panel of 14 wound care experts rated the content validity. A sample of 438 nurses (registered nurses and assistant nurses) participated in the survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The psychometric properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Barriers (PIPB) questionnaire evaluated were: content validity, internal consistency reliability and construct validity. RESULTS: The final version of the questionnaire has 25 items grouped into four factors (management and organisation, motivation and priority, knowledge, and staff and collaboration). The confirmatory factor analysis showed good fit and error indices for the model (Comparative Fit Index=0.92, root mean square error of approximation=0.074). Cronbach's alpha was 0.90 (overall), and 0.89 (factor 1), 0.75 (factor 2), 0.72 (factor 3) and 0.45 (factor 4). Construct validity was good, demonstrated by the expected association with the scores on patient safety culture and on considering PIs as an adverse effect of hospital stay, but not with attitude score. CONCLUSION: The PIPB questionnaire is an instrument useful for measuring nurses' perceptions of the barriers to PIs prevention. The initial evidence shows that the questionnaire has good content validity, internal consistency and adequate construct validity. Relevance and comprehensiveness need to be assessed in further studies. It can be used both in research and in the evaluation of clinical settings to implementation of PIs preventive programmes in hospitals.

Attitudes of Spanish Nurses towards Pressure Injury Prevention and Psychometric Characteristics of the Spanish Version of the APuP Instrument.

The prevention of pressure injuries in hospitalised patients is a critical point of care related to patient safety. Nurses play a key role in pressure injury (PI) prevention, making it important to assess not only their knowledge but also their attitude towards prevention. The main purpose of this study was to translate into Spanish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Attitude towards Pressure ulcer Prevention instrument (APuP); a secondary aim was to explore the associations of attitude with other factors. A Spanish version was developed through a translation and back-translation procedure. The validation study was conducted on a sample of 438 nursing professionals from four public hospitals in Spain. The analysis includes internal consistency, confirmatory factorial analysis, and construct validity in known groups. The 12-item Spanish version of the APuP fit well in the 5-factor model, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.7. The mean APuP score was 39.98, which means a positive attitude. Registered nurses have a slightly better attitude than Assistant nurses. A moderate correlation (R = 0.32) between knowledge and attitude for the prevention of PI was found. As concluded, the Spanish version of the APuP questionnaire is a valid, reliable and useful tool to measure the attitude toward PI prevention in Spanish-speaking contexts. This version has 12 items grouped into 5 factors, and its psychometric properties are similar to those of the original instrument.

Antioxidant dressing therapy versus standard wound care in chronic wounds (the REOX study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: A wound that does not heal in the orderly stages of the healing process or does not heal within 3 months is considered a chronic wound. Wound healing is impaired when the wound remains in the inflammatory stage for too long. A range of factors can delay the healing process: imbalance between proteases and protease inhibitors in the wound bed; bacterial colonization and the presence of biofilm; and oxidative stress. Recently, wound management has improved significantly. A new antioxidant dressing has been developed, which combines an absorbent matrix obtained from locust bean gum galactomannan and a hydration solution with curcumin and N-acetylcysteine. This dressing combines the advantages of moist healing in exudate management and free radical neutralization, achieving wound reactivation. The primary aim of this study is to compare the effect of the antioxidant dressing on chronic wound healing against the use of a standard wound dressing in patients with hard-to-heal wounds. METHODS: We will conduct a multicentre, single-blind, randomized controlled trial with parallel groups. Participants will be selected from three primary public health care centres located in Andalucía (southern Spain). Patients will be randomized into an intervention group (antioxidant dressing) or a control group (standard wound dressing). Assessments will be carried out at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8. Follow-up will be for a period of 8 weeks or until complete healing if this occurs earlier. DISCUSSION: The findings from this study should provide scientific evidence on the efficacy of the antioxidant dressing as an alternative for the treatment of chronic wounds. This study fills some of the gaps in the existing knowledge about patients with hard-to-heal wounds. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03934671. Registered on 2 May 2019.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Pressure Injury Prevention Knowledge Questionnaire in Spanish Nurses.

Pressure injuries (PIs) are a major health problem with severe implications for patients. Professionals who care for people at risk should have high knowledge about PIs prevention. The actual knowledge can be measured using different tools, but we have found no questionnaire to measure the knowledge on PIs prevention developed and validated for Spanish-speaking countries. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire in Spanish to measure the knowledge about PIs prevention based on current international guidelines. Content validity was evaluated by 12 experts in wound care. A convenience sample of 438 nursing professionals from Spain participated to evaluate the questionnaire using item analysis, Rasch model, and known-groups validity. The PI Prevention Knowledge (PIPK) questionnaire shows good discrimination and difficulty indices. The 31-item PIPK shows good fit and reliability of 0.98 for items and 0.72 for people; also, it has enough evidence for construct validity. Because the questionnaire has been developed based on the recommendations from international guidelines, the English version of this questionnaire could be used in further studies to test its psychometric properties.

Instrumentos de medición de las actitudes y las barreras para la prevención de lesiones por presión: revisión de la bibliografía / Instruments for measuring attitudes and barriers to pressure injury prevention: literature review

Objetivos: a) identificar los instrumentos para medir las actitudes de profesionales de enfermería hacia la prevención de las lesiones por presión (LPP); b) identificar los instrumentos para medir las barreras para la prevención de LPP dirigidos a profesionales de enfermería; c) analizar las propiedades psicométricas de estos instrumentos. Metodología: Revisión de la bibliografía sobre estudios de desarrollo, validación y uso de instrumentos sobre actitudes y barreras para la prevención de las LPP, en profesionales de enfermería. Se ha realizado la búsqueda sobre 12 bases de datos bibliográficas, hasta diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos que utilizasen instrumentos, cuestionarios o test, que determinasen las actitudes y las barreras de los profesionales o estudiantes de enfermería. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis descriptiva. Resultados: Se han encontrado 33 artículos sobre instrumentos de actitudes hacia la prevención, que describen un total de 5 cuestionarios. Solo dos han sido usados en varios estudios: Escala de actitudes hacia la prevención de las UPP de Moore y Price (rango de fiabilidad 0,63-0,88) y Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (rango de fiabilidad: 0,66-0,91). Respecto a barreras para la prevención de las LPP se han encontrado 18 estudios que describen instrumentos de medición, de los cuales solo 5 presentan datos de propiedades psicométricas. La falta de tiempo es la barrera citada más frecuentemente. Conclusión: Existen dos cuestionarios validados para medir las actitudes de enfermeras hacia la prevención de las LPP, aunque no tienen versión en español. Hay una diversidad de cuestionarios para establecer las barreras para la prevención, pero ninguno cuenta con una sólida evaluación psicométrica

Aim: a) To identify the instruments to measure the attitudes of nurses towards the pressure injuries (PI) prevention; b) To identify the instruments to measure the barriers or obstacles to PI prevention aimed at nurses; c) To analyze the psychometric properties of these instruments. Methodology: Review of the literature on the development, validation and use of instruments on attitudes and barriers to PI prevention, aimed at nursing professionals. The search was carried out on 12 bibliographic databases until December 2018. Quantitative studies using instruments, questionnaires or tests were included to determine the attitudes and barriers of nursing professionals or students. A descriptive synthesis was carried out. Results: We found 33 articles on instruments of attitudes towards prevention, which describe a total of 5 questionnaires. Only two have been used in various studies: Moore and Price Staff Attitude Scale (reliability range: 0.63 - 0.88) and Attitude toward Pressure ulcer Prevention (reliability range: 0.66 - 0.91). With regard to barriers to the prevention of LPP, 18 studies have been found that describe measurement instruments; only 5 of those shown data on psychometric properties. Lack of time is the most frequently cited barrier. Conclusions: There are two validated questionnaires to measure nurses' attitudes towards PI prevention, although none of those have a Spanish version. There are a variety of questionnaires to establish barriers to prevention, but none have a solid psychometric assessment

Instrumentos de medición de los conocimientos sobre prevención de úlceras por presión: revisión de la literatura / Tools for measuring the knowledge on pressure ulcer prevention: a literature review

En la prevención de las úlceras por presión (UPP) intervienen diferentes factores: estructurales, organizativos y relacionados con los profesionales; entre ellos, el grado de conocimientos que los profesionales sanitarios tengan es un aspecto fundamental. Objetivo: Identificar los instrumentos de medición de conocimientos de los profesionales de enfermería sobre las UPP. Como objetivos específicos: a) resumir las propiedades psicométricas (validez y fiabilidad) de cada instrumento y b) sintetizar el nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención según los estudios seleccionados. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de la literatura sobre los conocimientos en prevención de UPP. Búsqueda de estudios en 10 bases de datos bibliográficas desde el inicio de indexación hasta julio de 2018. Se incluyeron estudios cuantitativos que utilizasen instrumentos, test o cuestionarios, que cuantificasen los conocimientos en profesionales o estudiantes de enfermería. Se realizó una síntesis descriptiva. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 90 artículos, a partir de los cuales se identificaron 7 instrumentos (o alguna variación del cuestionario original) que han sido utilizados en al menos dos estudios publicados y 31 investigaciones, los cuales han desarrollado instrumentos ad hoc. Los dos más utilizados son el cuestionario Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge (PPKUT) y el cuestionario Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT). No todos los instrumentos publicados presentan datos de fiabilidad y validez psicométrica. Entre los 31 estudios que describen un instrumento desarrollado ad hoc para esa investigación, solo en 5 de ellos se presentan datos de fiabilidad y validez. Aunque se han encontrado estudios que utilizan como fuente para la redacción de los ítems guías de práctica clínica (GPC), son muchos otros los que se basan en revisiones de la literatura, parten de instrumentos previos o no indican la fuente original. Los conocimientos descritos, de forma general en los diferentes estudios, están por debajo del punto de corte establecido por los autores. Conclusión: La medición del nivel de conocimientos sobre prevención de las UPP que tienen los profesionales de salud es importante como primer paso dentro de los programas de prevención de estas lesiones. Se han encontrado un elevado número de cuestionarios sin ninguna prueba de fiabilidad ni de validez, pero que han sido usados en estudios, lo cual contribuyen a generar datos poco relevantes y un grado de confusión. Es fundamental que los investigadores utilicen alguno de los cuestionarios que cuentan con evaluación psicométrica y que determinen dichas propiedades en la muestra utilizada en la investigación

Different factors (structural, organizational and related with professionals) intervene in the prevention of pressure ulcers (PU); the degree of knowledge of health professionals is one of the main aspects. Aim: To identify the instruments for measuring the knowledge of nursing professionals about pus. The specific objectives are: a) to summarize the psychometric properties (validity and reliability) of each instrument and b) to synthesize the knowledge on prevention according to the selected studies. Methodology: Narrative review on knowledge about PU prevention. Search in 10 bibliographic databases from the beginning of indexation until July 2018. The studies included were quantitative studies that used instruments, tests or questionnaires, which quantified the knowledge of professionals or nursing students. A descriptive synthesis was carried out. Results: 90 articles were selected, from which 7 instruments were identified (or some variation of the original questionnaire) that have been used in at least 2 published studies and 31 investigations, which have developed ad hoc instruments. The 2 most used tools are the Pieper Pressure Ulcer Knowledge (PPKUT) questionnaire and the Pressure Ulcer Knowledge Assessment Tool (PUKAT) questionnaire. Not all published instruments show data on psychometric reliability and validity. Among the 31 studies that describe an ad hoc instrument, only in 5 of them reliability and validity data are shown. Although some studies used Clinical Practice Guidelines as a source for item elaboration, there are many others that are based only in literature review; modified some previous instruments or did not indicate the original source. The knowledge described in the different studies, in general, are below the cut-off point established by the authors. Conclusions: Measuring the knowledge on PU prevention of health professionals is important as a first step in injury prevention programs. A large number of the questionnaires found have any proof of reliability or validity; nevertheless they have been used in studies, which contribute to the generation of irrelevant data and to create confusion. It is essential that researchers use questionnaires with good psychometric properties and these properties should be evaluated again in the sample used in the research

Validation of the Spanish Version of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2.

BACKGROUND: There are currently no questionnaires to measure the knowledge of nurses about dementia or Alzheimer's disease care in the Spanish language. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Spanish version of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool 2 (DKAT2-Sp). METHODS: The DKAT2 was translated into Spanish and then back-translated. The new Spanish version was validated in a sample of 361 members of the nursing staff from 24 nursing homes and a sample of 297 nursing students in Spain. Psychometric properties were assessed through an item analysis, a Rasch analysis, differential item functioning analysis, construct validity (known groups), and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). RESULTS: The 21 items of the DKAT2-Sp fit the model well, showing a wide range of difficulty. Four items have differential items functioning between nursing professionals and students. The DKAT2-Sp shows acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.76 for nursing professionals and 0.83 for students). Scores obtained in the known groups test were as hypothesized (Nursing home staff mean = 15.57 versus Nursing student mean = 12.85; p < 0.0001 for mean difference), supporting construct validity. CONCLUSION: The DKAT2-Sp is a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure knowledge about dementia in both nursing professionals and nursing students in Spanish-speaking contexts.